Nene (bird)

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The nene (Branta sandvicensis), also known as n?n? and Hawaiian goose, is a species of goose endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The official bird of the state of Hawai?i, the nene is exclusively found in the wild on the islands of Oahu, Maui, Kaua?i, Molokai, and Hawai?i.

The Hawaiian name n?n? comes from its soft call. The specific name sandvicensis refers to the Sandwich Islands, an old name for the Hawaiian Islands.

It is thought that the nene evolved from the Canada goose (Branta canadensis), which most likely arrived on the Hawaiian islands about 500,000 years ago, shortly after the island of Hawai?i was formed. This ancestor is the progenitor of the nene as well as the prehistoric Giant Hawai?i goose and n?n?-nui (Branta hylobadistes). The n?n?-nui was larger than the nene, varied from flightless to flighted depending on the individual, and inhabited the island of Maui. Similar fossil geese found on O?ahu and Kaua?i may be of the same species. The Giant Hawai?i goose was restricted to the island of Hawai?i and measured 1.2 m (3.9 ft) in length with a mass of 8.6 kg (19 lb), making it more than four times larger than the nene. It is believed that the herbivorous Giant Hawai?i goose occupied the same ecological niche as the goose-like ducks known as moa-nalo, which were not present on the Big Island. Based on mitochondrial DNA found in fossils, all Hawaiian geese, living and dead, are closely related to the giant Canada goose (B. c. maxima) and dusky Canada goose (B. c. occidentalis).

Video Nene (bird)

Description

The nene is a medium-sized goose at 41 cm (16 in) tall. Although they spend most of their time on the ground, they are capable of flight, with some individuals flying daily between nesting and feeding areas. Some are born without the ability to fly. Females have a mass of 1.525-2.56 kg (3.36-5.64 lb), while males average 1.695-3.05 kg (3.74-6.72 lb), 11% larger than females. Adult males have a black head and hindneck, buff cheeks and heavily furrowed neck. The neck has black and white diagonal stripes. Aside from being smaller, the female Nene is similar to the male in colouration. The adult's bill, legs and feet are black. It has soft feathers under its chin. Goslings resemble the male, but are a duller brown and with less demarcation between the colours of the head and neck, and striping and barring effects are much reduced.

Maps Nene (bird)

Habitat and range

The nene is an inhabitant of shrubland, grassland, coastal dunes, and lava plains, and related anthropogenic habitats such as pasture and golf courses from sea level to as much as 2,400 m (7,900 ft). Some populations migrated between lowland breeding grounds and montane foraging areas.

The nene could at one time be found on the islands of Hawai?i, Maui, Kaho?olawe, L?na?i, Moloka?i, and Kaua?i. Today, its range is restricted to Hawai?i, Maui, Moloka?i, and Kaua?i. A pair arrived at the James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge on O?ahu in January 2014; two of their offspring survived and are seen regularly on the nearby golf courses at Turtle Bay Resort.

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Ecology and behavior

Breeding

The breeding season of the nene, from August to April, is longer than that of any other goose; most eggs are laid between November and January. Unlike most other waterfowl, the nene mates on land. Nests are built by females on a site of her choosing, in which one to five eggs are laid (average is three on Maui and Hawai?i, four on Kaua?i). Females incubate the eggs for 29 to 32 days, while the male acts as a sentry. Goslings are precocial, able to feed on their own; they remain with their parents until the following breeding season.

Diet

The nene is a herbivore that will either graze or browse, depending on the availability of vegetation. Food items include the leaves, seeds, fruit, and flowers of grasses and shrubs.

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Conservation

The nene is the world's rarest goose. It is believed that it was once common, with approximately 25,000 Hawaiian geese living in Hawai?i when Captain James Cook arrived in 1778. Hunting and introduced predators, such as small Asian mongooses, pigs, and cats, reduced the population to 30 birds by 1952. The species breeds well in captivity, and has been successfully re-introduced; in 2004, it was estimated that there were 800 birds in the wild, as well as 1,000 in wildfowl collections and zoos. However, there is some concern of inbreeding due to the small initial population of birds. The nature reserve WWT Slimbridge, in England, was instrumental in the successful breeding of Hawaiian geese in captivity. Under the direction of conservationist Peter Scott, it was bred back from the brink of extinction during the 1950s for later re-introduction into the wild in Hawai?i. There are still Hawaiian geese at Slimbridge today. They can now be found in captivity in every WWT centre. Successful introductions include Haleakala and Pi?iholo ranches on Maui. The nene population stands at 2,500 birds.

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State bird

The nene is the state bird of Hawaii.

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Gallery

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References

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External links

• BirdLife species factsheet for Branta sandvicensis
• "Hawaiian Goose media". Internet Bird Collection. 
• "Branta sandvicensis". Avibase. 
• Nene photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
• Interactive range map of Branta sandvicensis at IUCN Red List maps
• Audio recordings of Nene on Xeno-canto.

Source of article : Wikipedia